The XVIII Dynasty (c.1567-1320 BC) founded by Ahmosis inaugurated the New Kingdom , a period of stability, wealth and expansion, whose rulers include some of the most famous names in Egyptian history. During this era Nubia was brought under Egyptian control, yielding gold, ivory, ebony, gems and, most importantly, slaves. The professional armies of the pharaohs also invaded the Near East, Syria and Palestine, establishing colonies governed by Egyptian viceroys or local satraps. One result was an influx of immigrants into Egypt, bringing new customs, ideas and technology.

 

The effects are evident at Thebes , capital of the New Kingdom, where a spate of temples and tombs symbolize the pre-eminence of the god Amun and the power of the pharaohs. While Tuthmosis I (c.1525-1512 BC) built the first tomb in the Valley of the Kings, his daughter Hatshepsut raised the great mortuary temple of Deir el-Bahri, ruling as pharaoh (c.1503-1482 BC) despite her stepson's claim on the throne. Having belatedly assumed power, Tuthmosis III embarked on imperial conquests, extending Egyptian power beyond the Fourth Cataract in Nubia, and across the Euphrates to the boundaries of the Hittite empire. His successor Amenophis II (c.1459-1425 BC) penetrated deeper into Nubia, and Tuthmosis IV (c.1425-1417 BC) further strengthened the empire by marrying a princess of Mitanni, a state bordering the Hittites.

The zenith of Egyptian power coincided with the reign of Amenophis III (c.1417-1379 BC). With the empire secure and prosperity at home, the king devoted himself to the arts and the construction of great edifices such as Luxor Temple. During the same period, a hitherto minor aspect of the sun-god was increasingly venerated in royal circles: the cult of Aten , which the pharaoh's son would subsequently enshrine above all others.